Diabetes

Diabetes is a medical condition that affects how your body uses glucose, a type of sugar that provides energy.

There are two main types: Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. In Type 1 diabetes, the body doesn't produce enough insulin, a hormone needed to move glucose from the blood into cells. In Type 2 diabetes, the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or the insulin isn't working properly.

This leads to high levels of glucose in the blood, which can cause various health problems over time. People with diabetes often need to manage their diet, take medications, and, in some cases, use insulin injections to control their blood sugar levels. It's important to monitor diabetes to prevent complications and maintain good health.

Diabetes can show different signs, and they can vary between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

Some common signs of diabetes include feeling very thirsty, needing to urinate frequently (especially at night), feeling very tired, losing weight without trying, and having cuts or wounds that take longer to heal.

For Type 1 diabetes, symptoms can come on quickly and might include feeling very unwell, rapid weight loss, and blurry vision.

Type 2 diabetes symptoms might develop more slowly and might also include infections that occur more often, like thrush. If you notice any of these signs, it's a good idea to see a doctor for a proper diagnosis and advice on managing your health.

Diabetes is caused by different factors depending on the type. In Type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. This means the body can't produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. The exact reason why this happens is not fully understood.

For Type 2 diabetes, lifestyle factors play a significant role. Being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and having an unhealthy diet can increase the risk. Genetics also matter; if diabetes runs in your family, you might be more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes. As we age, our risk also increases. Additionally, certain ethnic backgrounds can have a higher susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes.

Gestational diabetes can occur during pregnancy when the body can't produce enough insulin to meet the increased demands, leading to high blood sugar levels. After pregnancy, blood sugar levels usually return to normal, but gestational diabetes might increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

Diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of glucose in your blood. A common test is the fasting plasma glucose test, where you fast overnight and then have your blood tested in the morning. Another test is the oral glucose tolerance test, where you fast, then drink a sugary solution, and have your blood tested at intervals. A glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) test gives an average of your blood sugar levels over the past few months.

If your blood sugar levels are consistently high, it could indicate diabetes. Your doctor will consider your symptoms, medical history, and the test results to make a diagnosis. If you're diagnosed with diabetes, they will work with you to develop a management plan that might include dietary changes, exercise, medications, and regular monitoring to keep your blood sugar levels in a healthy range.

Diabetes is managed through various approaches, depending on the type and individual needs. For Type 1 diabetes, regular insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump are essential, as the body doesn't produce enough insulin. Monitoring blood sugar levels is crucial, and this information guides insulin dosing. Eating a balanced diet, being physically active, and staying hydrated are important for managing Type 1 diabetes.

For Type 2 diabetes, lifestyle changes are often the first step. This includes adopting a healthy diet with controlled portions, engaging in regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight. Medications might be prescribed to help the body use insulin more effectively or to stimulate insulin production. In some cases, insulin injections or other injectable medications are necessary.

Gestational diabetes can often be managed through a balanced diet and exercise. Monitoring blood sugar levels is crucial during pregnancy. If these measures aren't sufficient, medication or insulin might be recommended.

Diabetes management aims to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range to prevent complications. Regular check-ups with healthcare professionals, including dietitians and diabetes educators, play a significant role in maintaining good health for those with diabetes.

You can support someone with diabetes by understanding their needs and being considerate. If they need to check their blood sugar levels or give themselves insulin, respect their privacy and give them the space they need.

Be aware of their dietary preferences and any restrictions they might have. If they're feeling unwell due to their diabetes, offer assistance or help them get medical attention if necessary.

It's also a good idea to know the signs of low blood sugar (hypo) or high blood sugar (hyper) and how to help if they experience these. Being a caring and understanding friend goes a long way in making someone with diabetes feel supported and valued.